Books63 chapters17 h 5 min read
Workforce
A paycheck looks like one number, and underneath it is a calculation and a set of promises. Hours, rates and elections become gross pay; gross pay becomes federal, state and local taxes, benefit deductions and garnishments, each with its own taxable wage base; and what's left moves to the employee's bank on a date the law fixes, while every amount withheld becomes a liability owed to an agency, a carrier, a plan or a court on its own deadline. A payroll provider, a PEO, an employer of record and an embedded payroll API are all keeping those promises for someone else's employees, out of money they collected first. This book surveys how the industry does each piece, benchmarked across ADP, Paychex, Paycom, Paylocity, Dayforce, Workday, Gusto, Rippling, Deel, TriNet, Check and the others, with no single company as the model, and how you'd build it, extending one core data model chapter by chapter.
It reads in ten parts, plus a glossary: the business (providers, revenue, agents and PEOs), gross to net (withholding, deductions, tips and corrections), payroll tax at every level, moving the money (funding, client funds, direct deposit, child support and garnishments), time and wage-hour law, hiring and HR records, leave, benefits administration, contractors and global payroll, and running the platform (embedded payroll, unified APIs, architecture, controls and fraud).
The Business
- 01The Workforce BusinessHow payroll providers, PEOs, EORs and HR systems pay people: the parties, the money, the life of a pay run, a tax dollar and a hire, and the data model.42 min
- 02The Payroll & HR LandscapePayroll and HR providers by clients, workers paid and revenue from filings, private players by what they publish, the segments, consolidation and switching.13 min
- 03How Payroll Providers Make MoneyPer employee pricing, interest on client funds from 10-Ks, rate sensitivity, PEO gross billings and net revenue, insurance margins, EOR and embedded fees.16 min
- 04Who Runs Payroll: Agents & LiabilityIn-house, payroll service providers, reporting agents, Section 3504 agents, CPEOs, ASOs and EORs: who files under which EIN, who stays liable, and EFTPS.19 min
- 05PEOs & Co-EmploymentThe client service agreement, worksite employees, master health plans as MEWAs, CPEO certification and bonds, state licensing, wage base restarts and exits.19 min
Gross to Net
- 06Gross-to-Net, Step by StepGross-to-net in order: earnings, pre-tax deductions, taxes, post-tax deductions, garnishments and net pay, the taxability matrix, rounding, gross-ups, arrears.18 min
- 07Federal Withholding & the W-4Federal income tax withholding: the 2020+ and legacy W-4, Pub 15-T 2026 percentage and wage bracket methods worked, exemptions, nonresidents and lock-ins.18 min
- 08Supplemental Wages & Imputed IncomeBonuses and commissions under the 22% flat and aggregate methods, the $1 million 37% rule, group-term life over $50,000, vehicles, other fringes and stock pay.17 min
- 09Pre-Tax & Post-Tax DeductionsPayroll deductions: Section 125, 401(k) and Roth with 2026 limits, HSA, FSA and commuter benefits, state quirks, after-tax items, ordering, arrears, memos.14 min
- 10Tips & the 2025 Tax LawTips in payroll: reporting, allocation and Form 8027, FICA on tips and the 45B credit, the P.L. 119-21 tips and overtime deductions, and the 2026 W-2 codes.18 min
- 11Retro Pay, Voids & CorrectionsCorrecting payroll: off-cycle runs, retro raises and overtime, voids, reversals, manual checks, overpayment recovery, and fixes across quarters and years.15 min
- 12Payroll by IndustryIndustry payroll: restaurants, Davis-Bacon certified payroll, farms and H-2A, household employers, clergy, schools, 8 and 80, staffing and union shops.16 min
Payroll Tax
- 13FICA, FUTA & SUTASocial Security and Medicare with the 2026 wage base, Additional Medicare, FUTA and credit reduction states, SUTA wage bases, rates and successor rules.21 min
- 14Deposits, Returns & the Tax CalendarThe lookback period, monthly and semiweekly deposits, the $100,000 next-day rule, EFTPS, Forms 941, 944, 943 and 940, penalties, and the tax calendar as data.21 min
- 15State & Local Payroll TaxesState withholding methods, flat and no-tax states, local income taxes from Pennsylvania to Oregon, registrations, and the jurisdiction lookup from an address.15 min
- 16Multi-State, Reciprocity & Remote WorkResident and work states, reciprocity certificates, credits, New York's convenience rule, day thresholds, remote hires in new states and day-based allocation.14 min
- 17Tax Notices, Amendments & Agency AccountsAgency registration and account numbers, IRS and state notices, penalty relief and first-time abatement, Form 941-X, state amendments and the notice inbox.16 min
- 18Tax Engines & Filing ServicesThe calculation layer and the file-and-remit layer, Symmetry, Vertex, ADP and MasterTax, location codes, rate updates, engine testing, 94x e-file and rejects.12 min
- 19Year-End, W-2s & Wage ReportingThe W-2 box by box with the 2026 changes, the W-3, EFW2 and BSO, reconciling to the 941s, state and local filings, W-2c, penalties and the January rush.16 min
Moving the Money
- 20Funding a PayrollCollecting a payroll from the employer: debit timing from four-day to same-day, wire prefunding, credit limits, risk tiers, demotion and check date math.16 min
- 21When the Debit FailsA payroll debit that comes back: the return codes that matter, retries, blocked payrolls, partial pay, recovery, who eats the loss, and the fraud patterns.14 min
- 22Client Funds & Impound AccountsWhere a payroll provider holds clients' money: trust accounts, impounding, investment ladders, liquidity, client funds obligations and the daily reconciliation.13 min
- 23Direct Deposit, Pay Cards & ChecksHow net pay reaches workers: direct deposit and splits, Reg E's compulsory use rule, payroll cards, paper checks, instant pay and unclaimed wages.13 min
- 24Child Support WithholdingIncome withholding for child support: the IWO and e-IWO, timing, priority, the 50 to 65% limits, disbursement units, multiple orders, terminations and NMSNs.14 min
- 25Garnishments & LeviesWage garnishment as payroll computes it: CCPA disposable earnings and limits, creditor orders, IRS levies and Pub 1494, student loans, bankruptcy and stacking.18 min
- 26When Payroll Providers FailWhen a payroll provider fails: MyPayrollHR and Cachet, diverted tax impounds, the liability that stays with the employer, and the controls that prevent it.11 min
Time and Wage-Hour
- 27The Workweek & the Time RecordThe FLSA workweek, what counts as hours worked, the 29 CFR 516 record, raw punches against rounding, edits, approvals and retention.19 min
- 28Clocks, Kiosks, Geofences & BiometricsCapturing punches: clocks, kiosks, mobile and geofenced punches, buddy punching, offline clocks, and biometric clocks under BIPA and other state laws.14 min
- 29Overtime & the Regular RateFLSA overtime and the regular rate: excludable pay, weighted averages, bonuses and retro overtime, state daily overtime, and the exempt salary level.20 min
- 30Minimum Wage as DataMinimum wage tables by federal, state and city level with effective dates, tipped and youth rates, indexing, which rate applies, and the table as a product.14 min
- 31Breaks, Premiums & AttestationsMeal and rest breaks as rules: California premiums as wages, attestations and waivers, other states, PUMP Act breaks, and how time systems enforce them.15 min
- 32Tipped EmployeesTipped employees: the tip credit and state bans, tip pools and the manager rule, service charges, dual jobs, card fee deductions, payouts and records.14 min
- 33Fair Workweek & Scheduling LawsFair workweek laws as rules: advance notice, predictability pay, rest between shifts, on-call shifts, minors' hours, and premiums as earning codes.13 min
- 34Pay Frequency, Pay Statements & Final PayState payday rules, required pay statement contents, final pay deadlines by state and separation type, waiting time penalties and PTO payout.15 min
Hiring and HR Records
- 35The HRIS as Record of TruthThe employee record and its history: effective dating, future-dated changes, corrections, positions, org units, and joiner, mover and leaver events to payroll.15 min
- 36Recruiting, ATS & AI in HiringRequisitions, candidates, applications and offers, EEO self-identification after the 2026 rules, ATS APIs, AI hiring laws and candidate data retention.13 min
- 37Background Checks, Fair Chance & Drug TestingFCRA disclosure, authorization and adverse action, screening provider APIs, fair chance sequencing in California and NYC, cannabis testing laws and monitoring.13 min
- 38Onboarding: I-9, E-Verify & New Hire ReportingForm I-9 editions and timing, remote examination, reverification and retention, E-Verify cases and mismatches, state new hire reports and the W-4.14 min
- 39Pay Transparency, Pay Equity & EEO-1Salary range posting laws as a rules table, salary history bans, state pay data reports, EEO-1's proposed rescission, the EU Directive and pay equity.15 min
- 40Terminations, Offboarding & WARNThe separation fan-out, WARN counting over 30 and 90 days, state mini-WARN laws, severance and releases in payroll, unemployment claims and rehire.16 min
- 41Employee Records, Privacy & RetentionPersonnel file access laws, retention schedules by record, medical record separation, employee data under the CCPA, SSN truncation and legal holds.13 min
Leave
- 42FMLA AdministrationFMLA eligibility from time records, the 12-week entitlement and leave year methods, notice and certification clocks, intermittent leave in hours, and records.18 min
- 43State Paid Family & Medical LeaveState disability and paid leave programs as payroll runs them: 2026 rates and wage bases, splits, small employer rules, private plans, wage reports and taxes.17 min
- 44Sick Leave & PTO EnginesPaid sick leave laws as rules (accrual, caps, carryover, frontloading, waiting periods), PTO policies, California vacation as wages, payout and the ledger.14 min
Benefits Administration
- 45Enrollment & Life EventsOpen enrollment, new hire windows, Section 125 status changes, HIPAA special enrollment, EOI, dependent checks, tiers and rates, and deductions to payroll.16 min
- 46Carrier Connections & the 834The 834 from the employer side: change and full files, maintenance codes, TA1 and 999, connection setup and testing, API carriers, and invoice reconciliation.14 min
- 47The ACA Employer Mandate & 1095-CALE status, full-time measurement and look-back periods, 2026 affordability at 9.96%, 4980H penalties worked, Forms 1094-C and 1095-C codes, and Letter 226-J.17 min
- 48COBRA & State ContinuationCOBRA's qualifying events, notice clocks, 60-day elections, 45-day first payments, 30-day grace, premiums up to 102%, administrators and state mini-COBRA laws.14 min
- 49401(k) Deferrals & Remittance2026 deferral limits, the Roth catch-up rule, auto-enrollment, matches and true-ups, plan compensation, deposit deadlines, VFCP and the recordkeeper file.16 min
- 50HSAs, FSAs & HRAs2026 HSA, FSA and HRA limits, HDHP rules and the 2025 law, payroll contributions and seed money, carryover and grace, dependent care, QSEHRA and ICHRA.14 min
- 51Benefits Administration PlatformsBenefitfocus, Businessolver, Employee Navigator, Ease, Selerix and HCM suites, brokers, carrier APIs, plans, rates and eligibility as data, and payroll.11 min
Contractors and Global
- 52Contractors & 1099sContractor reporting: W-9s, TIN Matching, 24% backup withholding and B-notices, 1099-NEC and 1099-MISC at $2,000, IRIS after FIRE, and state filing.16 min
- 53Worker ClassificationEmployee or contractor under each test: the IRS common-law test and SS-8, Section 530, the DOL rule and its 2026 proposal, ABC tests, 3509 costs and VCSP.13 min
- 54Employer of Record & Global EmploymentEOR mechanics, owned entities and partners, contractor of record, permanent establishment risk, terminations abroad, pricing and when to open an entity.13 min
- 55International PayrollGlobal payroll through aggregators and in-country partners, UK, Canada and Germany worked, EU rules that touch pay, currencies and rails, and data residency.13 min
Running the Platform
- 56Embedded PayrollPayroll sold as an API to vertical software: Check, Gusto Embedded, Zeal and others, object models, onboarding, run states, webhooks and who carries the risk.18 min
- 57Unified HR & Payroll APIsFinch, Merge and others: one API over hundreds of payroll and HR systems, read and write scopes, assisted connections, sync cadence and deduction write-back.13 min
- 58Payroll Platform ArchitectureThe pay run engine as a replayable function, versioned rules, as-of reads, idempotent money, schedulers, tenancy, peak loads, GL exports and testing.15 min
- 59Changing Providers Mid-YearSwitching payroll mid-year: Rev. Proc. 2004-53 standard vs alternate, successor wage bases, YTD loading at quarter boundaries, parallel runs, PEOs and go-live.18 min
- 60Controls, Audits & SOC 1What a payroll SOC 1 covers, user entity controls, internal controls over payroll, and what DOL, IRS and state UI auditors ask for, with the records each needs.14 min
- 61Payroll Fraud & SecurityDirect deposit diversion and email compromise, W-2 phishing, ghost employees, time theft, portal takeover, insider risk, SSN and bank data, and what works.14 min
- 62Payroll & HR MetricsClients, worksite employees, retention, PEPM, float and yield as filings define them; on-time pay, notice and correction rates; turnover and time to hire.13 min